Until /by ~까지

 

<틀린 예문>

* The teacher said we must finish our assignments until next Friday.

* I'll start working soon, and I'll get to your house until six o'clock.

 

Until>

어느 시간 이전에 존재 했던 사건이나 상태가 바로 그 시간에 변하거나 또는 존재 하지 않게 되었을 때 (when the events or situations which existed before that moment)

 

 

<예제>

I won't be able to go on vacation until I finish writing my thesis.

 

어느 기간까지 이루지기를 원할때 쓰임 (doesn't indicate anything about a change occuring at that time but simply defines a moment and introduces information about what exists or occurs during the time before that moment)

 

<예제)

Rita got maried in 1941, and by 1953, she had three children.

 

* 특징

until은 명사구 또는 절과 같이 쓸 수 있음, but by 는 명사구와만 쓰임

I could speak French fluently by I left France. (X)

I could speak French fluently by the time I left France. (o)

 

다음 문장들을 읽어 보고 by 와 Until의 차이점을 알아보자

1. He waited for her until nine o'clock, then he went home.

   By nine o'clock, he had grown tired of waiting for her, so he went home.

 

2. She listened patiently until he finished speaking, then she gave him her answer.

   By the time he had finished speaking, she knew what her answr would be.

 

3. The rainy spell lasted until the end of the month.

    By the end of the month, the rainy spell was over.

 

  토익스피킹 필수 문법 오류 들여다 보기

 

<연습문제1>

 

Complete the paragraph below by filling in the blanks with either 'by' or 'until'

I'm waiting for her in the Sejong Coffee shop. She said that she would be here ______1_____7:00, but it's already 7:15, and she hasn't arrived yet. I think I'll just wait _____2___ 7:30,an d if she hasn't come ____3____ then, I'll leave.

 

This is the first time she has been late for a date with me. _____4________this evening, she has always been very punctual. Maybe she has been delayed at her office. She usually works _____5__ 6:30, and she's always out of her office ___6______ 6:45.

 

I'm getting very impatient waiting for her, and I know that my impatience will get worse and worse _____________7__ she finally arrives. I'm afraid that ___8_____ the time she gets here, I'll be so impatient and annoyed that I'll start an argument with her. I won't be able to smile and act friendly. _____9___ she gives me a satisfactory excuse for being so late.

 

 

  <연습문제 2>

Rewrite the following statements as single sentences using 'until' or 'by"

1. Mr. and Mrs. Choi had an argument.

   They stopped arguing at half past four.

   ________________________________________________________________

2.August 12th is the dealine for submitting your reports

   I will not accept any reportsafter August 12th

   __________________________________________________________________

3. She used to think I was good at lanugages. But then she heard me trying to speak Korean, and she changed her opinion.

  _________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 

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